Please find a new blog post at:

https://deepbluecap.com/freeing-task-access-objects/

Abstract:
Freeing Ada tasks could result in accessing freed memory. This post describes the proper way of freeing access-to-task objects.

On Friday, September 30, 2022 at 3:46:18 PM UTC+5:30, briot.e...@gmail.com wrote:
> Please find a new blog post at:
>
> https://deepbluecap.com/freeing-task-access-objects/
>
> Abstract:
> Freeing Ada tasks could result in accessing freed memory. This post describes the proper way of freeing access-to-task objects.

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Le 30/09/2022 à 12:16, Emmanuel Briot a écrit :
> Please find a new blog post at:
>
> https://deepbluecap.com/freeing-task-access-objects/
>
> Abstract:
> Freeing Ada tasks could result in accessing freed memory. This post describes the proper way of freeing access-to-task objects.

I don't like an active loop to wait for task termination. There are
other ways:
1) declare the access type in a block, which is then the master of the
tasks. When you exit the block, the tasks are terminated.
2) declare in the tasks an entry which is never accepted, then call this
entry from the main. When the task terminates, it raises tasking_error
in the (unserved) callers - you can free the task from the exception
handler.

--
J-P. Rosen
Adalog
2 rue du Docteur Lombard, 92441 Issy-les-Moulineaux CEDEX
Tel: +33 1 45 29 21 52
https://www.adalog.fr

On 2022-10-01 13:40, J-P. Rosen wrote:
> Le 30/09/2022 à 12:16, Emmanuel Briot a écrit :
>> Please find a new blog post at:
>>
>> https://deepbluecap.com/freeing-task-access-objects/
>>
>> Abstract:
>> Freeing Ada tasks could result in accessing freed memory. This post
>> describes the proper way of freeing access-to-task objects.
>
> I don't like an active loop to wait for task termination.

IMO, it is the best method.

> There are
> other ways:
> 1) declare the access type in a block, which is then the master of the
> tasks. When you exit the block, the tasks are terminated.

That is usually not possible, or if possible, then the task object
itself can be in the block and no access type needed at all.

Almost all cases when access to task is used is due to language design
flaw not allowing either usable aggregation of task objects or
inheritance involving tasks.

> 2) declare in the tasks an entry which is never accepted, then call this
> entry from the main. When the task terminates, it raises tasking_error
> in the (unserved) callers - you can free the task from the exception
> handler.

This is uglier than a loop. However I must admit that it should have
advantage in terms of performance, both CPU load and latency. A
disadvantage is that you cannot wait for several tasks that way.

In a production code there is a timeout which limits the overall waiting
time and sometimes multiple tasks are awaited to terminate.

--
Regards,
Dmitry A. Kazakov
http://www.dmitry-kazakov.de

On 2022-10-01 13:40, J-P. Rosen wrote:
>
> 1) declare the access type in a block, which is then the master of the tasks.
> When you exit the block, the tasks are terminated.

When you exit the block, the access type doesn't exist, so you can't free anything.

--
Jeff Carter
"Sir Lancelot saves Sir Gallahad from almost certain temptation."
Monty Python & the Holy Grail
69

I did not mention it in the blog, but we also like running with the restriction No_Task_Hierarchy (which generates slightly more efficient code, at least in older versions of GNAT if I understand correctly the reasons we have it). So the declare block approach doesn't work, this is one of the big reasons for using access-to-task, too.

Waiting for exceptions is one possibility, though I dislike it because this is using exceptions for what is the normal flow of the program. They also make debugging more complicated.

The active loop is not the best solution, but it isn't very costly in practice. The task terminates fairly soon (depending on the load on the machine), and we could possibly use a delay like 1.0 if we basically want the active loop.

On 2022-10-01 13:58, Dmitry A. Kazakov wrote:
> On 2022-10-01 13:40, J-P. Rosen wrote:
>> Le 30/09/2022 à 12:16, Emmanuel Briot a écrit :
>>> Please find a new blog post at:
>>>
>>> https://deepbluecap.com/freeing-task-access-objects/
>>>
>>> Abstract:
>>> Freeing Ada tasks could result in accessing freed memory. This post
>>> describes the proper way of freeing access-to-task objects.
>>
>> I don't like an active loop to wait for task termination.
>
> IMO, it is the best method.
>

I agree, in practice it works very well, at least for our system.
When ported to GNAT in 2003 I used this pattern.

We use it in IPC, where main makes a blocking call to a PO,
looking for incoming messages. The PO is protecting a list,
and main blocks on list_count = 0.

Another task (receive task) in the IPC body blocks on a read call from a
named pipe.
When a message arrives in the pipe, this task is putting it into the
PO's list.

Main then unblocks, since list_count >0, gets the message and treats it,

But since the receiver task is blocking as well, it is difficult to make
that call timeout. Sometimes we want main to actually block until a
message arrives, but sometimes we'd like to timeout after a minute or so.

Main can call the receive procedure with or without a timeout.

If time is used in the call, a third task is started - with new - with a
timeout time, and a 'stop' entry. This timer task just delays timeout
time, and writes a timeout message to the pipe when expired - thus
releasing the blocking task, and also releasing main since a timeout
message was put in PO's list and list_count becomes > 0.

If a message is put by another process in the pipe, the receiving task
calls stop on the timer task, removes any timeout messages in the list
if we had a race, and puts the message in the list.

Here we also loop over the timer task until terminated.

Worked very well for many years in many installations

We do send messages frequently. in bursts up to 100 msgs/s
but average is less likely than 10 msgs/s

1_000_000 msgs/day is not unusual, so memleaks here is a problem

--
/Björn

"Jeffrey R.Carter" <spam.jrcarter.not@spam.acm.org.not> writes:

> On 2022-10-01 13:40, J-P. Rosen wrote:
>> 1) declare the access type in a block, which is then the master of
>> the tasks. When you exit the block, the tasks are terminated.
>
> When you exit the block, the access type doesn't exist, so you can't
> free anything.

But Ada frees all objects allocated using the locally declared access
type when the block is exited.

--
-- Stephe

On 2022-10-09 18:10, Stephen Leake wrote:
> "Jeffrey R.Carter" <spam.jrcarter.not@spam.acm.org.not> writes:
>
>> On 2022-10-01 13:40, J-P. Rosen wrote:
>>> 1) declare the access type in a block, which is then the master of
>>> the tasks. When you exit the block, the tasks are terminated.
>>
>> When you exit the block, the access type doesn't exist, so you can't
>> free anything.
>
> But Ada frees all objects allocated using the locally declared access
> type when the block is exited.

This is only required if the access type has Storage_Size specified (ARM
13.11/18.4 http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/rm12_w_tc1/html/RM-13-11.html#I5208).

--
Jeff Carter
"I was hobbling along, minding my own business, all of a
sudden, up he comes, cures me! One minute I'm a leper with
a trade, next minute my livelihood's gone! Not so much as a
'by your leave!' You're cured, mate. Bloody do-gooder!"
Monty Python's Life of Brian
76

"Jeffrey R.Carter" <spam.jrcarter.not@spam.acm.org.not> writes:

> This is only required if the access type has Storage_Size specified
> (ARM 13.11/18.4
> http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/rm12_w_tc1/html/RM-13-11.html#I5208).

I think you meant ARM 13.11(18/4),
http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/rm12_w_tc1/html/RM-13-11.html#p18
(note simpler way of referencing a para in a link, works for rm12 or
later).

Given this,

declare
type T_P is access T with Storage_Size => 1024;
P : T_P;
begin
P := new T;
end;

would you expect P to be deallocated as the block is left? because it
isn't with GCC 12.1.0, x86_64-apple-darwin.

On 2022-10-10 10:13, Simon Wright wrote:
> "Jeffrey R.Carter" <spam.jrcarter.not@spam.acm.org.not> writes:
>
>> http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/rm12_w_tc1/html/RM-13-11.html#I5208).
>
> I think you meant ARM 13.11(18/4),
> http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/rm12_w_tc1/html/RM-13-11.html#p18
> (note simpler way of referencing a para in a link, works for rm12 or
> later).

I used the link from the index.

> declare
> type T_P is access T with Storage_Size => 1024;
> P : T_P;
> begin
> P := new T;
> end;
>
> would you expect P to be deallocated as the block is left? because it
> isn't with GCC 12.1.0, x86_64-apple-darwin.

Technically, it says the storage for the implementation-defined storage pool
associated with T_P is reclaimed, not that anything is deallocated. Still,
sounds like a compiler error.

--
Jeff Carter
"Help! Help! I'm being repressed!"
Monty Python & the Holy Grail
67

Stephen Leake schrieb am Sonntag, 9. Oktober 2022 um 18:10:15 UTC+2:
> But Ada frees all objects allocated using the locally declared access
> type when the block is exited.

Finalizing and Deallocation are often confused. If the scope of the access is left, all still existing objects allocated are finalized in some order. As others have said, storage is reclaimed only if Storage_Size is given.

Finalization does not deallocate; but Deallocation does finalization.